Essay on Evolution From A Molecular Perspective - 3053 Words

Evolution From A Molecular Perspective Introduction: Why globular evolution? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Evolution has been a heavily debated issue since Charles Darwin first documented the theory in 1859. However, until just recently, adaptation at a molecular level has been overlooked except by the scientific world. Now with the help of modern technology, the protein sequences of nearly every known living thing have either been established or are in the process of establishment, and are widely accessible via the internet. With the knowledge of these sequences, one can actually look at several organisms genetic codes and point out the similarities. Entire genomes of creatures have been sequenced, and the human genome project is well†¦show more content†¦Hemoglobin is the carrier in blood that transports oxygen to our tissues and carbon dioxide out of our body, changing colors as it does so. Hence, hemoglobin has long been termed the pigment of our blood. Hemoglobin was one of the first proteins to be purified to the point where its molecular weight and amino acid composition could be accurately measured. This finding was very important in that it eventually lead to the understanding that a protein is a definite compound and not a colloidal mixture of polymers. Each molecule was built from exactly the same amino acid subunits connected in the same order alonga chain, and had exactly the same weight. Most organisms have their own unique, individual chain of proteins to make up their hemoglobin, but all organisms share certain similarities, so striking that they are unable to be ignored. Lets take, for example, the first twenty-five amino acids in the alpha hemoglobin chains of 7 different animals: a human man, rhesus monkey, cow, platypus, chicken, carp (bony fish), and shark (cartilaginous fish) (See Table 1.1.) As is shown, the variations increase the further apart the organisms are on the proposed evolutionary scale. A human man differs from a rhesus monkey only twice in the first twenty-five amino acids of their alpha hemoglobin chains, whereas a man andShow MoreRelatedThe Phenomenon Of Reproductive Parasitism And Its Evolutionary Implications1210 Words   |  5 PagesMarcelo Vieira da Silva Genetics and Evolution – BIO372 Professors Kate Bryant and Jennie Chaplin October 16, 2014â€Æ' Evolutionary biology is a branch of biology that investigates the evolution of organism, especially in the areas of molecular and microbial evolution, behavior, genetics, ecology, life histories, development, paleontology, systematics, and morphology. In this essay I am going to discuss about how microorganism may affect their hosts from the phenomenon of reproductive parasitismRead MoreEvolution Creationism Vs. Creationism924 Words   |  4 PagesAny point of contact with the scientific world in the 21st century will eventually lead one to the one of the most hotly contested topic in American education, that of evolution versus creationism. While the creationist point of view, as well as the evolutionary perspective, hosts a great variation of opinion amongst its supporters, Christianity is brought to the center stage time after time (Vuletic, 1994). Literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis’ account of creation falls contrary to theRead MoreThe Human Foot Is An Example Of Evolutionary And Macro Evolutionary Changes1394 Words   |  6 Pagesfoot; comparative, molecular, and biocultural approaches and their paradigms are used. Therefore, different, and cumulative approaches are needed to make informed hypotheses in biological anthropology. The foot will be shown as an example of approaches commonly used and the resulting perspectives in biological anthropology. 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Aayushi Shah shah.947 ID#:200404635 â€Æ' Title: Study of Evolution of Mitochondria in different species of plants and Animals. ID#:04635 â€Æ' Introduction: - The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organisms. There is some evidence that proves some eukaryotes lack mitochondria, but there is no true evidence about complete lack of mitochondria in the organismsRead MoreA Scientist s Quest For His Discoveries Of Autophagy Mechanisms Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesFrom Baker’s Yeast to the Nobel Prize: A Biologist’s Quest to Elucidate Autophagy Molecular cell biologist, Yoshinori Ohsumi, won the 2016 Nobel Prize for his discoveries of autophagy mechanisms. His life’s work changed the world’s perspective on a fundamental process, and now, thousands of scientists use his research to develop potential treatment solutions for chronic diseases. Learn more†¦ â€Å"I want everyone to understand the nature of fundamental research is such that it develops in ways sometimesRead MoreIs The Internet Single Handedly Alters The Way?1270 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent than the intelligence that exists naturally within the human mind. How much will our biological intelligence and environmental acumen transform as we approach the age of Singularity? Ray Kurzweil adroitly asks, â€Å"†¦What is the Singularity? From my perspective, the Singularity is a future period during which the pace of technological change will be so fast and far-reaching that human existence on this planet will be irreversibly altered.† (K) Ray Kurzweil similarly argues that this rapidRead MoreStatement of Purpose1037 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment. Is a disease caused by a pathogenic microorganism, a toxic agent in the environment, or a faulty gene? My interest in molecular biology has been inspired by these questions and led me to the world of genetics. 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Why I Have A Secret - 1193 Words

I have a secret. A gigantic one. One that if I told, I d be committing social suicide. So I haven t told any one of my friends. Not even my best friend, Ana. I thought no one would have to find out. Because, I mean, it’s only one school year. How hard is it to keep a secret for that long? Just like any school morning, my alarm started blaring, reading 6:00. So, just like any school morning, I hit snooze, ‘cause who actually gets up when their alarm goes off? An hour later, I finally forced myself out of my warm and cozy bed and into the freezing bathroom to take a shower. Walking into the kitchen, I grabbed a muffin, the keys to my (car) and my backpack. Trying to suppress the jittery feeling inside, I drove silently to school. â€Å"Ana,† I called, raising my hand up so she could see me in the jammed hallway. â€Å"Hey! I haven’t seen you all summer, where have you been?† Of course she asks the question I’ve been dreading since I made my decision. â€Å"Summer house,† I replied nonchalantly, trying to shrug the topic off. â€Å"So how was your summer, meet anyone I should know about?† â€Å"No,† she responds, I little too fast. That and the faint blush on her cheeks call her bluff. I raise my eyebrow. â€Å"Okay. I met this one guy. He’s having a small party tonight, you should come.† I knew she was trying to change the topic, but I let it slide. â€Å"Sure, it’d be fun.† As the bell rang, we both went our separate ways to class. Ringing the doorbell, I checked my phone for any missed messagesShow MoreRelatedMy Best Friend Sees Me Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagespoints, it doesn’t have a scripture explaining the meaning of it. It’s just there Quiet. Silent. Watching. If I saw this in any other place, I would say a five-year-old made it, but it is art. 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Contemporary Strategy Analysis Species Competitive Model

Questions: Case: BookPublishing in 2010Preview the documentView in a new window by Bradley and Bartlett presents a comprehensive picture of book publishing before and after the onset of the e-book revolution. Read the case carefully and answer the following questions: Analyze the book publishing industry prior to the e-book revolution using Porter's five-force model. Using Porters five-force model analyze how has the advent of e-books changed industry structure and competitive dynamics. What are the long-term threats and opportunities facing the book publishing industry. Provide strategic recommendations to help book publishers adapt their business model for the future. Answers: The book publishing industry prior to the E-book revolution through Porters five force theory model According to porters five force theory, the manufacturing process in the book publishing industry is compatible difficult and it includes many significant factors. Moreover, the book publishing industry is divided into different categories such as educational books, professional books, childrens books, coffee table books and religious books. Like many industry the book publishing industry is undergoing tremendous changing through adopting new technologies. Many years ago the book publishing industry depended on old technologies and circumstances. In terms of supplier power the book publishing industry gets huge advantages rather than E-book revolution (Ballew, 2012). The suppliers of book publishing industry are very comprehensive and helpful; they understand the requirements of book publishing industry. Another factor is buyer power, there are different types of library contains thousand books (Grant, 2012).. So, it is clear that book publishing industry always carry lots of demand. Moreover, thousands of students are daily purchasing books. On the other hand, the book publishing industry does not have any competitor before arising the E-book revolution. Third force of porter is threats of substitution; in this case there was no other option available for books because it is a unique product. For an example, a man wants an economic book, so he has to purchase a book no matter who is the publisher. However, the threats of new entry are one of the major factors of Porters five force theory (Hart-Davis, 2012). The book publishing industry has no competitors but after introducing the E-book, many people started to love this advanced technology and forget the traditional book publishing industry. So, with the help of Porters five force model the external factors of book publishing industry was discussed. Now we explain the significance the book publishing industry on the E-book. E-book needs approval from the publisher before converting their books but in some cases, E-book has to pay monopoly to publishers in order to create a different book. In this assignment, book publisher roots a pressure on the bargaining power of suppliers because they have an authority to determine which book should be accessible on the Kindle (Muir, 2013). Furthermore, book publishers can also restrict the E-book to convert their books in order to avoid any kind of illegal copying. Moreover, book publishers involve the most valuable suppliers such as authors and writers with high bargaining power. They have original raw materials of any documents before publish. On the other hand, the whole sellers and retailers of books are playing a significant role in this section. Book publishers have a great trade discount including wholesales and retails margins, for an example, the high 55% of the selling prices of books reflect in the market. However, in order to achieve success, many smaller book publishers had to work under the shadow of big names in order to expand their business (Burns and Sauers, 2014). The advent of e-books changed industry structure and competitive dynamics Many types of research proved that e-books revolution enhanced a huge change in industry structure. The five force theories model of Porter is generally used for industry analysis and business strategy development. In addition, this model is used to make interaction with five forces in order to explain the completive strength and profitability of the current market. According to the five force theory model some effective elements of e-book have been identified such as threats of entrants and substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers and rivalry with other firms (Xiaomei, 2011). On the other hand, competitive advantages of a firm are determined by various factors such as internal capabilities of the firms and changing external environment. With the help of e-books, customers get the free deduction and wider access (Meng, 2012).. With the help of advanced technology adopting Amazon Kindle expand their business in a wide range. Moreover, differentiation and innovation are the effective key factors which are applied by Amazon in order to develop their business. Talking about the competitive dynamic, it depends on some significant elements of the e-book. For an example, Amazon has enough rivals in this competitive market such as Barnes and Nobles. In order to dominate their competitors Google books sales books by giving high discounts 30% on the books that have cost more than $20 (Wu, 2013). Long term threats and opportunities of the book publishing industry The term publishing of a book is a broadcast process of informing about the book to the public. In the past days, issues regarding the printing of the book include the process from delivery of completed manuscript to distribution and printing such as staffing, paper, print runs, author advances, acquiring rights, royalty payments, distribution, publishing catalogs, etc. But with the revolution of online book reading and buying facilities became a threat to the handmade book publishing industries (Reiter, 2011). In the United States of America, the most highly fragmented industry is the book publishing industry with over 87,000 book publishers. The arrival of the new digital book industry took the marketplace. They offer online purchasing with cash on delivery facilities as well as card payment facilities. For example, Amazon kindle offer their customer to read books online and also purchase them (Grades of recommendation, 2010). Opportunities: The United Kingdom book publishing industry has the opportunity to become the leading market retailer. Its Digital Rights Management Policy can lead them to increase its profits by the distribution of consistent reading content. For example, the normal publishers can satisfy their customers with quality product retailing at an affordable price and if it can continue for a long term period, their future market will hold a leading position internationally. Like Amazon, if they create an official page and started to sell online eBook products, they can also make a development in the growth of their market globally. The other opportunity includes advertising on newspaper normally on weekends. In weekends, people normally get time to read papers and those who love to read newspapers, they will also read books (Brown, 2012). Threats: As stated earlier, online eBook publishers are taking control over the normal book publishing companies (Jennex, 2014). Despite the explosion of the published books, the sales of the book industry are declining. Today, the increased number of self-publishing authors creates a threat to the normal book publishers as they publish their writings with their own investment. Other vital threats are those connected with the supply chain. Taking an example, the suppliers could raise their cost of transport, prices or terms and condition which may harm the business. The suppliers take advantage of the business. The customer behavior is another factor that can impact on the business. If the customer turns out to be the staff of a rival company, then he/she can do anything to overtake their business. The use of strategic recommendations to help book publishers adapt their business model for future purpose In the field of the strong competitive market, eBook industry is already present and advertisement contributes a lot to their promotion and increase in market price. But normal book publishers need a strategic planning to compete against the rivals and get a better place in their competitive market (Jennex, 2014). The publisher must take on the modern method regarding promotion and advertisement like weekly magazines, radios, TV as well as the regular advertisement in daily newspapers. Apart from all these strategies, they should expand the networks with various universities, schools and colleges. This can lead to the increase in brand value. The book publishers who cause a great impact by converting books to e-readers generally receive the greater percentage of profit (Dileo, 2015). This means the third party who helps the promotion of the book publishers receives a small percentage of profits. The market strategies of a publisher include the following factors: Selecting the best writer: The review of the customer is very vital for the business. Therefore, the best writer should be selected; this means that the writing should meet all the required topics of the present real life circumstances such as love and politics, business entrepreneur etc. These factors attract customers (Martynova, 2011). Other than real life factors, some appealing characters like Harry Potter, Sherlock Holmes, Mike Hammer etc., must be included (Ue and Cranfield, 2014). These characters attract children and youngsters. In this way, the bestselling authors increase their audience over time. Product quality In order to attract more customers, book publishing industry should publish books with attractive cover, high quality and long lasting paper. Moreover, the internal context needs to be interesting for reading (Tham, 2013). Affordable prices: The price of the books should be kept at such a value by which customers can afford. There are many customers who love to read books but could not buy due to high price. This will lead to the increase of customers in retailing bookstores. Advertising through social networks: Social networks like Facebook, twitter and Instagram provides an alternative platform for the promotion and advertisement of a publishing company. The main strategy behind social network promotion is the way of communication (Linsenman and Kingaard, 2011). It changes from one-way to two-way. People can make comments and acquire information at some time which can increase the market of publishers. References Grant, R. (2013). Contemporary strategy analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Muir, N. (2013). Kindle Fire HD. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Wu, T. (2013). Dynamic Behaviors of a Discrete Two Species Competitive Model. AMR, 773, pp.729-733. Grant, R. (2012). Contemporary strategy analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Grades of recommendation. (2010). Hepatology Research, 40, pp.121121. How, R. (2010). An Overview of TaiwanTMs Book Publishing Industry. Publishing Research Quarterly, 26(3), pp.183186. Meng, S. (2012). ChinaTMs Book Publishing Industry: A Review of 2011. Publishing Research Quarterly, 28(2), pp.124129. Reiter, D. (2011). Your eBook Survival Kit. Carindale: IP (Interactive Publications). Xiaomei, C. (2011). 2010: The Turning Point for Chinese Book Publishing Industry. Publishing Research Quarterly, 27(1), pp.7682. Ballew, J. (2012). Kindle Fire quicksteps. New York: McGraw-Hill. Brown, C. (2012). Book Review: Participatory Journalism: Guarding Open Gates at Online Newspapers. Journalism, 13(3), pp.388-389. Burns, C. and Sauers, M. (2014). Google search secrets. Chicago: Neal-Schuman/American Library Association. Dileo, J. (2015). Future Readers. American Book Review, 36(5), pp.2-30. Jennex, M. (2014). Knowledge discovery, transfer, and management in the information age. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Linsenman, C. and Kingaard, J. (2011). Start your own retail business and more. [Irvine, Calif.]: Entrepreneur Press. Martynova, O. (2011). Aspects Of Product Quality Control: Determination Of Quality Components And Product Quality Factor. Social and Natural Sciences Journal, 2(0). Tham, J. (2013). Book Review: The Zen of Social Media Marketing: An Easier Way to Build Credibility, Generate Buzz, and Increase Revenue, by Shama Hyder Kabani. Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(3), pp.590-591. Ue, T. and Cranfield, J. (2014). Sherlock Holmes. Bristol: Intellect